Book Review of Sandal - 1245 Words

In Justice: Whats the Right Thing to Do? (2009), Michael J. Sandal argues that politics and society require a common moral purpose beyond the assertion of natural rights like life liberty and property or the utilitarian calculus of increasing pleasure and minimizing pain for the greatest number of people. He would move beyond both John Locke and Jeremy Bentham in asserting that a just society cant be achieved simply by maximizing utility or by securing freedom of choice (Sandal 261). Justice and morality involve making judgments on a wide variety of issues, including inequality of wealth and incomes, discrimination against women and minorities, CEP pay, government bailouts of banks and public education. Politics should take moral and spiritual questions seriously and not only on issues like sexual orientation and abortion, but also broad economic and civil concerns (Sandal 262). Robert Kennedy and Martin Luther King added this moral dimension to U.S. politics in the 1960s when they c riticized the Vietnam War, poverty and racial inequality and appealed to a sense of community (Sandal 263). So did Barack Obama in his 2008 campaign, although in practice achieving a politics of the common good in American society has been difficult, given the Lockean, natural rights basis of its 18th Century Constitution. Sandal would go much further in the direction of using government and the political system to uphold morality and the common good than John Locke, who was mainlyShow MoreRelatedMalala Yousafzai Essay1350 Words   |  6 PagesIn Malala Yousafzai’s book,I Am Malala, she reveals true moments that occurred in her life including tragic, life-changing events. In this excerpt with adjectives and adverbs intact, imagery is incredibly prevalent. As a reader emotions are stirred and anticipation is built as the words fly across the page. Malala poignantly details the struggles she endured in her stand for educational rights and as she was personally attacked by the Taliban. Incredibly, she survived the attack and became an evenRead MoreOutline briefly the managerial criticisms of the profit maximising firm - Compare and contrast the Neo-classical profit maximising model with the management model of Baumol.2361 Words   |  10 Pagesdealings with them I have been struck with the import ance the oligopolistic enterprises attach to the value of their sales. A small reversal in an upward sales trend that can quite reasonably be dismissed as a random movement sometimes leads to a major review of the concern s selling and production methods, its product lines, and even its internal organizational structureIn Baumol s model, the role of the firm is to maximise sales revenue. Figure 2. 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She stepped in like Wonder Woman and took care of me.† Now he straightened his back and sat up in the chair. There were a few more moments of silence before Angel excused herself to the restroom. While her sandals clicked on the floor in the distance, I turned to him and apologized. â€Å"Im sorry.† He looked up and said, â€Å"Living and dying is a part of life, honey. Theres nothing for you to be sorry about.† â€Å"No, Im sorry for not visiting you. Im sorry for notRead MoreThe Emotions Of Stress Management1173 Words   |  5 Pageshas a dramatic range of affect and like fear, combines physiological and emotional responses. Anger is the opposite action response to maturity which is a combination of temperance, courage, and generosity. The final stress management emotion to review is hostility. This response may often be confused with anger, but is more aggressive and socially abrasive. In part due to the possibility that hostility may not be a temporary emotion like anger. 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A PSO Based Cluster Formation Algorithm for Optimal PMU Placement in KPTC Free Essays

string(76) " and Watsonproposed a multi-channel PMU arrangement job and their solution\." A PSO Based Cluster Formation Algorithm for Optimal PMU Placement in KPTCL First A. Writer,Appellation, Organization, Second B. Author, and Third C. We will write a custom essay sample on A PSO Based Cluster Formation Algorithm for Optimal PMU Placement in KPTC or any similar topic only for you Order Now Author, Jr. , Designation, Organization Abstraction— Power system province appraisal with the sole deployment of synchronal phasor measurings demands that the system must be wholly discernible with PMUs merely. Direct measuring of stage angles of current and electromotive force phasors are now possible by Phasor Measurement Units ( PMUs ) . To hold lesser figure of PMUs, the arrangement job in any web is considered as an optimisation job. This paper presents a Particle Swarm Optimization ( PSO ) based bunch formation algorithm for optimum PMU arrangement. The proposed algorithm clusters the coachs into many sub groups and the maximal connectivity coach is selected as the heading coach. The PMU is placed on the heading coach to pull off the affiliated coachs for complete system observability. This paper analyses the proposed algorithm for the undermentioned three instances: 1. Without PMU loss, 2. With individual PMU loss, and 3. Zero Injection Bus. The simulation consequences for IEEE coach and the KPTCL coach syste ms are presented and compared with the bing attacks. The proposed consequences show that the method is simple to implement and supply the accurate PMU arrangement. Index Terms— IEEE Bus, Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited ( KPTCL ) , Optimal PMU Placement, Particle Swarm Optimization ( PSO ) , Phasor Measurement Units ( PMUs ) , and Power System State Estimation I. Introduction Power public-service corporations are confronting legion menaces of security of operation due to the over stressed power web in the today’s competitory power market scenario. Phasor Measurement Unit ( PMU ) is an measuring device which is used to mensurate the current and electromotive force. It uses the Global Positioning System ( GPS ) pulsation to ease the synchronised measurings of existent clip phasors of currents and electromotive force. A power system is said to be recognizable when electromotive force phasors at all the coachs are known. Harmonizing to Ohm’s Law, if a PMU is placed at the coach, so the neighboring coachs besides become discernible. Obviously, when PMUs are placed at all the coachs of the web, and the measurings for all the PMUs are communicated to the control units, so the electromotive force phasors at all the coachs would be known. This attack can alter the traditional appraisal to province measuring. PMUs are already installed in several publ ic-service corporations for assorted applications around the universe such as province appraisal, adaptative protection and system protection strategies. Other application Fieldss include stableness monitoring, Wide Area Monitoring and Control ( WAMC ) and efficient system use. In the traditional power systems, the coachs are monitored utilizing the conventional measurings from electromotive force and current transformers and the informations are forwarded to the Energy Management System ( EMS ) through the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition ( SCADA ) system. It collects the existent clip measurings from the Remote Terminal Units ( RTUs ) placed in substations. This attacks are non able to supervise all the measurings across a broad country power system because the informations are non time-synchronized [ 1 ] . PMUs are an indispensable portion of smart grids and therefore the rate of PMU installings are increasing. In the emerging engineering, the major issue demand to be addressed is the arrangement of PMUs, which is influenced by the awaited system applications. The major factor restricting the figure of PMU installings are their cost and the communicating installations. Hence, the cost and communicating restraints of PMUs have been motivated the r esearch workers to place the minimum PMU installing for the awaited applications. Puting PMUs on all coachs of the power system consequences a complete observability of the system. Since, a coach is observed if a PMU is placed on it or some of its adjacent coachs, it is neither economical nor necessary to transport set such installings. As a effect, a job called Optimal PMU Placement ( OPP ) job has been occurs. The purpose of this paper is to place the optimum figure of PMUs to do the KPTCL topologically discernible. Here, a PSO based Clustering Algorithm is proposed to constellate the coachs. The heading coach is selected based on the maximal connectivity among the coachs. The heading coach is placed with the PMU to supervise the other affiliated coachs. The PMU arrangement scheme confirms the system observability during the normal on the job conditions and besides the individual PMU failures. The proposed method is found to be simple, fast and accurate in calculation. The proposed method is applied on IEEE-6, IEEE-7, IEEE-9, IEEE-14, IEEE-30 coach systems and KPTCL power maps for 28 coach, 127 coach and 155 coach systems to verify the proposed algorithm public presentation. The staying portion of the paper is organized as follows: Section II involves the plants related to the bing algorithms for optimum PMU arrangement job. Section III involves the description of the proposed PSO based bunch formation algorithm for optimum PMU arrangement. Section IV involves the public presentation analysis of the proposed work. The paper is concluded in Section V. II. Related Plants With the figure of PMUs estimated for installing in the close hereafter, both the public-service corporations and research workers are looking for the optimum solutions to their arrangement. The solutions for the optimum PMU arrangement job can be classified into two types: mathematical and heuristic algorithms. Some of the bing plants related to the optimum PMU arrangements are discussed. Integer scheduling is a mathematical scheduling attack for work outing an optimisation job holding whole number design variables.Singhintroduced an whole number programming based methodological analysis for the optimum arrangement of PMU. It reduces the cost of installing and ease the full power system observability. The zero injection coachs construct was used to further cut down the figure of PMUs. Integer programming helps to supply multiple consequences if the adjacent coachs to zero injection coachs were non handled decently. The best consequences was selected based on the [ 2 ] .Fan and Watso nproposed a multi-channel PMU arrangement job and their solution. Here, a close relationship among the PMU arrangement job and the authoritative combinatorial job were identified [ 3 ] . Roy et Alproposed an optimum PMU arrangement attack for power system observability. Here, a three phase optimum PMU arrangement method was formulated based on web connectivity information. Phase 1 and present 2 of the algorithm iteratively estimate the less of import coach locations to extinguish the PMUs and estimates where the PMUs were retained. The last phase reduces the figure of PMUs utilizing the pruning operation. The optimum set of PMU locations were obtained for web observability [ 4 ] .Manousakis and Korresdesigned a leaden least squares algorithm for optimum PMU arrangement. A quadratic minimisation job with uninterrupted determination factors were formulated capable to the nonlinear observability restraints. The optimum solution was obtained by an unconstrained nonlinear weighted least squares method [ 5 ] .Mahari and Seyediproposed a Binary Imperialistic Competition Algorithm ( BICA ) for optimum PMU arrangement. The zero injection coach was considered for all probes to obtain the suited replies. In add-on to the traditional regulations, new regulation was besides generated. It helps to cut down the figure of PMUs arrangement [ 6 ] . Tai et Alproposed a Random Component Outages ( RCO ) for optimum PMU arrangement for power system appraisal. The optimum locations were chosen to cut down the province appraisal and mistake covariance [ 7 ] .Sodhi et Alpresented an optimum PMU arrangement method for complete topological and numerical observability of power system. A two phase PMU arrangement attack was proposed. Phase 1 identifies the minimal figure of PMUs to do the system topologically discernible. Phase 2 was proposed to place if the resulted PMU arrangement outputs to a full graded measuring Jacobian. A consecutive riddance algorithm was proposed to place the optimum locations of extra PMUs [ 8 ] . An Exhaustive hunt is an optimisation technique which consistently enumerates all possible campaigners for the solution. It chosen the campaigner which satisfy the restraints at the optimal nonsubjective map value. It guaranteed the determination of the planetary optimum but it was non suited for big scale systems with immense hunt infinite.Azizi et Alproposed an optimum PMU arrangement by an tantamount additive preparation for thorough hunt. The province appraisal was implemented based on the complete additive arrangement [ 9 ] . Fei et Al[ 10 ] discussed an optimum PMU arrangement based on the limited thorough attack. An about optimum PMU arrangement ( AOPP ) was established in order to place the seeking infinite. AOPP was deterministically retrieved by elaborate power system province observability analysis. The impression of coach neighbour was defined to deduce the seeking infinite of limited thorough attack. The heuristic algorithms applied for optimum arrangements are Familial algorithm, Tabu Search, Simulated Annealing, Differential Evolution, Particle Swarm Optimization ( PSO ) , Immune Algorithm, Iterated Local Search ( ILS ) , Crossing Tree Search ( STS ) , Greedy Algorithm, Recursive Security N Algorithm, Decision Tree and Practical Heuristic Algorithm.Hajian et Alintroduced an optimum PMUs arrangement to keep the web observability utilizing a modified BPSO algorithm. An optimum measuring set was estimated to obtain the full web observability during normal conditions. After any PMU loss or individua l transmittal line outage, the derived strategy in normal status was modified. Observability analysis was carried out based on topological observability regulations. A new regulation was added to minimise the figure of PMUs for complete system observability. A modified BPSO algorithm was used as an optimisation tool to acquire the minimum figure of PMUs and their corresponding locations [ 11 ] . Sharma and Tyagidesigned an optimum PMU arrangement attack based on Binary Particle Swarm Optimization ( BPSO ) with the conventional measurings. Quadratic scheduling was used in BPSO algorithm. A method for pseudo observability was introduced for deepness one and depth two with and without zero injection measurings. It was tested on IEEE-7, IEEE-14, IEEE-30 and IEEE-57 coach system utilizing BPSO technique [ 12 ] .Peng et Alformulated a multi nonsubjective optimum PMU arrangement utilizing a non-dominated sorting differential development algorithm. It is an organic integrating of Pareto non-dominated sorting operation and the differential development algorithm. It enhances the single crowding mechanism and common mechanism [ 13 ] .El-Zonkoly et Alproposed an Improved Tabu Search ( ITS ) for complete observability and out of measure anticipation. The system was based on numerical observability and unreal intelligence. ITS was used to place the optimum arrangement for the PMU to maint ain the system wholly discernible. A Predictive Out of Step ( OOS ) algorithm was proposed based on the observation of the electromotive force stage difference among the substations [ 14 ] .Aminifar et Alformulated an optimum PMU arrangement based on probabilistic cost or benefit analysis. The decrease of system hazard cost was recognized as the benefit linked with the development of broad country measuring system [ 15 ] . Das et Aldesigned a simulation of broad country measuring system with optimum phasor measuring unit location. These measurings were by and large taken for every 4 to 10 seconds offering a steady province position of the power system behaviour. It was implemented on IEEE six coach system [ 16 ] .Jamuna and Swarupproposed a multi-objective biogeography based optimisation for optimum PMU arrangement. Here, the coincident optimisation of the two conflicting aims like minimisation of the figure of PMUs and maximization of the measuring redundancy were performed. The Pareto optimum solution was obtained based on the non-dominated sorting and herding distance. The compromised solution was selected based on the fuzzy based mechanism from the Pareto optimum solution [ 17 ] .Ghosh et Almade a dependability analysis of GIS aided optimum PMU location for smart operation. It look into the impact of topological properties on commissioning PMUs. Reliability was ensured through assorted PMU connecti vity constellation [ 18 ] .Peppanen et Alproposed an optimum PMU arrangement with binary PSO [ 19 ] .Abiri et Alintroduced an optimum PMU arrangement method for complete topological observability of power system. A revised preparation for the optimum arrangement job of the sorts of PMUs was presented [ 20 ] . III. PSO Based Cluster Formation For Optimal PMU Placement Power system observability is indispensable for placing the existent clip monitoring and province appraisal of the system. PMUs enable advanced solutions to bing public-service corporation jobs and supply power system engineers a whole scope of possible benefits: Accurate appraisal of the power system province can be obtained at frequent intervals, Permiting dynamic phenomena to be observed from a main location and suited control actions are taken. Post perturbation analysis will be much improved for the PMU arrangement job, which is obtained with the precise images of the system states through GPS synchronism. This subdivision proposed a PSO based Optimal PMU Placement in power systems. The aim of this method is to supply the optimum arrangement of PMUs, which can do the system discernible and to maximise the measurement redundancy of the system. Fig.1 shows the flow of the proposed method. Initially, the coach system is taken and each coach is considered as a node. Each node connectivity is updated in the binary tabular array. Here, we are sing the undermentioned three instances: Without PMU Loss With PMU Loss Zero Injections A. Particle Swarm Optimization Based Cluster Formation for Optimal PMU Placement PSO is an optimisation algorithm which facilitates a population based search process in which single are termed as atoms. Here, the PSO algorithm is used to constellate the coachs for optimum PMU arrangement. Each atom contains a PMU arrangement constellation for a power system. It represents that each atom is constructed by binary dimensions, such that each coach of the power system has a dimension which indicates the being of a PMU in that coach, it is equal to 1, otherwise 0. Algorithm 1: PSO based Cluster Formation Input signal:Connectivity inside informations of the given coach system 1: Create binary tabular array for the given coachs as ForI = 1 to figure of coach ForJ = 1 to figure of coach Ifcoach ( I ) connect to bus ( J ) Matrix element represent as 1 Else Matrix element represent as 0 End If End For End For 2: D= Sum ( degree Fahrenheit ( x ) ) 3: L = soap ( vitamin D ) 4: Calculate the coach connexion for LThursdaycoach and topographic point PMU on that coach 5: Update the binary tabular array by extinguishing the coach from binary tabular array 6: Initialize atoms 7: Position of atoms = ‘x’ and ‘y’ organizing points of coach location. 8: Speed = random ( figure of coachs ) 9: Check fittingness for given place by utilizing nonsubjective map. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1678806.001.png"/ 10: Minimum ( F_Position ) 11:img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1678806.002.png"/ 12: Position = Position + Velocity 13:ForK = 1 to loop IfPresent_fitness A ; lt ; Last_fitness Update fittingness value End If Update speed and place. End For 14: Find upper limit ( fitness_value ) , mf = soap ( fittingness ) 15: Topographic point PMU on that coach. 16: Update double star tabular array by extinguishing the coach from binary tabular array. 17: Cringle to Step 6 until binary table gets empty. 18:Ifthe PMU placed at merely one coach, Check the nearest coach and made connexion between them and update bunch. 19:End If The proposed algorithm is applied on the three instances for optimum PMU arrangement. B. Case 1: Without PMU Loss In this instance, the zero injection and the flow measuring are ignored. To explicate the restraint set, the binary connectivity matric is formed whose entries are defined in the undermentioned equation: img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1678806.003.png"( 1 ) The matrix can be straight calculated from the coach entree matrix by change overing the entries in the binary signifier. See the six coach system The binary tabular array B is defined as img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1678806.004.png"( 2 ) The restraints for this instance is, img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1678806.005.png"( 3 ) From the binary tabular array, place the maximal connectivity among the coachs. The tabular array shows the maximal connectivity is occurred in coach 3. Hence, coach 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 are eliminated from the binary tabular array. Then, the binary tabular array can be updated as, img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1678806.006.png"( 4 ) After executing the PSO based constellating algorithm, the PMU is placed on coach 1 and bus 3, which is shown in fig.3. C. Case 2: With loss of PMU It is considered as each coach is discernible by individual PMU and these PMUs are placed by the proposed bunch algorithm. Hence, the arrangement of PMUs are extremely dependable but, if any perturbation occurred in power system or due to maintenance purpose any of the PMUs topographic points is out from the system. If any of the PMU is disconnected, so some of the coachs are connected to that PMUs are non remain discernible. In order to get the better of such unexpected PMU failures, a scheme is considered for individual PMU loss. It can be achieved if all the coachs are observed by at least two PMUs. These are operated as two sets, Primary set Backup set If suppose the PMU from primary set is non working decently, so the backup set will take the duty to detect the coachs. To obtain the twosome of PMUs, the restraint and nonsubjective map will stay same by merely modifying the alteration in matrix f. In this instance, the elements of degree Fahrenheit is equal to 2 alternatively of 1. It is defined as follows: img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1678806.007.png"( 5 ) This instance place the PMU for supervising the individual coach by two PMUs. Other than the nonsubjective map, the stairss are same. The new restraint map can be constructed as follows: img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1678806.008.png"( 6 ) D. Case 3: Zero Injection Zero injection coachs are the coachs from that no current is passed into the system. Zero injection correspond to the reassigning nodes in the system. If zero injection coachs are besides designed in the PMU arrangement job, the full figure of PMUs are farther minimized. See the undermentioned illustration for zero injection on six coach system where coach 2 is considered as the zero injection coach. Now, the restraint for zero injection coach can be written as follows, img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1678806.009.png"( 7 ) From the above equation, it is identified that the coach 3 has maximum connectivity. Hence, PMU is placed on the coach for full system observability. IV. Performance Analysis To measure the public presentation of the proposed method, the optimum arrangement of PMU job is solved for IEEE criterion coach system and KPTCL 220 and 400 kV power systems. The KPTCL power coachs are shown in fig.6. The consequences of the proposed method for IEEE coach system is illustrated in table 2. Here, IEEE-6 coach, IEEE-7 coach, IEEE-9 coach, IEEE-14 coach, and IEEE-30 coach system are considered for rating. Table 2 provides consequences for the three instances of IEEE coach systems. We collect the information from the KPTCL 220 and 400 kilovolt power system. Here, the PMU arrangement is obtained merely for the instance 1 ( without PMU loss ) . Hence, we proposed an algorithm to obtain the PMU arrangement, which suits for all the three instances ( with loss, without loss, zero injection coach ) . Table 3 provides the entire figure of PMU arrangement collected from the KPTCL. Whereas table 4 provides the proposed consequence for the given power system. The proposed method consequences for 28 coach, 127 coach and 155 coach system in all the three instances. V. Conclusion and Future Work In this paper, a PSO based bunch formation algorithm is proposed to work out the optimum PMU arrangement job. How to cite A PSO Based Cluster Formation Algorithm for Optimal PMU Placement in KPTC, Essay examples

An Inquiry into Ophelias Madness Essay Example For Students

An Inquiry into Ophelias Madness Essay The character Ophelia in William Shakespeares play Hamlet plays a very interesting and important role in the elaboration of the plot. In the beginning, she starts off in a healthy state of mind, in love with her boyfriend Hamlet, yet controlled by her father in regard to their relationship. During the play she encounters several troubling experiences involving Hamlet which cause her to become distressed. Near the end, the death of her father leaves Ophelia mentally unstable and in a state of madness that eventually leads her to death. So, due to all of the unfortunate events that took place with the people she loved the most in her life, Ophelia gradually becomes mad, and in the end passes away. Ophelias and Hamlets love for each other in the beginning was very real. Following the death of his father Hamlet falls in love with her, and is much attracted by her beauty. It is not uncertain, however, that Ophelia is very much controlled by her father. She is the daughter of Polonius, the chief advisor to the new King Claudius, and a highly respected man. Her father demands that she tell Hamlet at once that she can no longer be with him and tells her I would not, in plain terms, from this time forth have you so slander any moment leisure as to give words or talk with the Lord Hamlet. Look tot, I charge you. Come your ways. (I.iii.132-35). It is clear that here Polonius is making decisions for his daughter, regardless if she really loves Hamlet or not. She feels very unimportant and helpless now, and because of this develops a lack of emotional confidence and strength. All she can reply is I do not, my lord, what I should think. (I.iii.104). She is used to relying on her fathers direction and has been brought up to be very obedient. As well, her brother Laertes agrees with what their father is saying. He also tells Ophelia that Hamlet is no good for her Perhaps he loves you not (I.iii.16). He thinks that Hamlet only loves her because he wants to seduce her, and demands his sister to never see him again. Ophelia can only accept her father and brothers beliefs and writes Hamlet a letter which informs him that she can no longer see him. As a result, she begins to feel alone with very little independence. At this point in the play Ophelias emotions are what help contribute to her madness. There are a few other incidents in the play which help in the course of Ophelias madness. When Hamlet receives the letter from Ophelia he is affected terribly by her words. The next time she sees Hamlet she is surprised and even a bit frightened by his behavior. He did not look like he usually does, and he acted very strange towards her. He held her by the wrists and stared deeply into her face, long and hard, then storms out, leaving her intensely troubled and saddened. After that she tells her father, and he believes that Ophelias love is what made him mad. That hath made him mad (II. i.110). Polonius then goes to tell the King and Queen of Hamlets strange behavior and plans to spy on Hamlet to prove hes gone mad. Ophelia now is left feeling guilty. When she sees Hamlet later on she tries to speak with him, but is rejected coldly. He does not listen to her and screams harsh words leaving her feeling worthless and embarrassed. I loved you not. (III.i.119). .u4b562bf1db8d09cff445f375094148e8 , .u4b562bf1db8d09cff445f375094148e8 .postImageUrl , .u4b562bf1db8d09cff445f375094148e8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4b562bf1db8d09cff445f375094148e8 , .u4b562bf1db8d09cff445f375094148e8:hover , .u4b562bf1db8d09cff445f375094148e8:visited , .u4b562bf1db8d09cff445f375094148e8:active { border:0!important; } .u4b562bf1db8d09cff445f375094148e8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4b562bf1db8d09cff445f375094148e8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4b562bf1db8d09cff445f375094148e8:active , .u4b562bf1db8d09cff445f375094148e8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4b562bf1db8d09cff445f375094148e8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4b562bf1db8d09cff445f375094148e8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4b562bf1db8d09cff445f375094148e8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4b562bf1db8d09cff445f375094148e8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4b562bf1db8d09cff445f375094148e8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4b562bf1db8d09cff445f375094148e8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4b562bf1db8d09cff445f375094148e8 .u4b562bf1db8d09cff445f375094148e8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4b562bf1db8d09cff445f375094148e8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Inuit People Essay Get thee to a nunnery. (III.i.121) you jig, you amble, and you lisp, and nickname Gods creatures, and make you wantonnes your ignorance. Go to, Ill no more ont; (III.i. 146-48) This incident causes Ophelia to become slightly disturbed. She sits weeping while her father and the King practically step on her weak body to find out more reason for Hamlets actions. In this depressed state all she can say is O! woe is me, to have seen what I have seen, what I see! (III.i.163-64) So, because of Hamlets rudeness and rejection through this part of the play, Ophelia is driven even more closer .

Wengart Aircraft free essay sample

Wengart Aircraft Question 1: Driving and restraining forces toward acceptance of the TQM program at the top management level 1. No Programme and Project Change Management Office Larsen is trying to execute a big change by simply sending a memo to the heads, there is no proper planning and no well thought-out execution or implementation strategy which would have taken issue of psychological impact on the employees into consideration. 2. Not a learning organisation Wengart doesn’t seem to have interest in researching and learning from its competitors, there is no sense of urgency in the entire organisation. It is said in the case that one of Wengart’s big customers has sent a couple of letters to the management and it seems the issues were never taken seriously by Wengart management. 3. Lack of Strategic planning Wengart is literally going down; it’s just a matter of time before it hits the stage of bankruptcy. We will write a custom essay sample on Wengart Aircraft or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Clearly the vision and mission of the company is not translated into the day to day running of the business in meeting its core competencies as the supplier of Aircrafts, i. , Customer satisfaction, being proactive in meeting customers needs, committing to delivering to the shareholders, and ensuring that the end to end process of their products is stream lined, lean and mean to meet customers demands. 4. No Organisational improvement In Wengart it seems nobody cares what is happening out side their world, no interest in the global changes, they are told by the Government to adopt the TQM methodologies. Where are the business analysts, research eams, product improvement teams in Wengart? Those are the individuals that were suppose to have the company adopt the latest in business management and improve the production processes. 5. Poor leadership There is a very poor way of communicating changes, the leadership of Wengart is not taking and making appropriate measures in helping their employees understand the change at hand. Hence we see some kind of frustration on the employees thinking that their jobs will be online. This is/was the time that the visibility of top management should not be questioned, their commitment to their employees should come out at its best in trying times like this one, clarifying all the questions that might be raised relating to the TQM methods. 6. Poor Customer Relations Wengart has a very poor/weak approach when it comes to maintaining its customer relationships, in fact there isn’t any retention strategies and communications strategies. 7. No JIT TQM methods It’s clear from the case that there is no Just-In-Time delivery of products with the company to the customers which ties very closely with TQM, in essence, the two are inseparable to a larger extend. Question 2: Driving and restraining forces toward acceptance of the TQM program at the line management level 8. Job loses The line managers could be of the opinion that the top management is in the process of down sizing, hence the resistance. 9. No Clear directive There is no one from the top management who is well versed with this TQM, and the top management wants this to be implemented, there is no visibility of sponsorship to this initiative, in actual fact there is no point of reference should there be question from the staff. 10. No engagement by leadership There is no engagement with the larger community of employees of Wengart, the change has not been communicated as a benefit to the line managers and the employees. Thorough and proper protocols of engagement in term s of communicated the change should be followed; management must get buy-in from the employee community as opposed to telling them what to do. Passive resistance is adamant and to be followed by a greater chances of industrial action. 11. No Communication No proper communication was implemented to reach the general employees to put them in light, on the other hand killing all likelihood of having rumours about retrenchments. Question 3: The way management communicated the change program to the lower levels. Wengart management did not do a good job in communicating the change, they actually failed this project of implementing TQM by failing to create and implementing an awareness programme that would have created calmness and positivism amongst employees. The following could have worked best in preparing the communication of the TQM project to the employee. 1. The initial change message should be: Relatively brief – headline and just a few details. 2. They should have positioned the change as: A smart way to do business. 3. The communication should be from the perspective of: The management team making the decisions. 4. In managing resistance, they should: Try to bring resistance to the surface and Keep people focused only on the positive. 5. Make sure the communication plan is: Geared to the least-educated employee and Flexible enough to go with the flow. 6. Send messages designed primarily to: Build trust and positive feelings, Build trust and compliance, Build trust and commitment. 7. Be sure to tell your employees: Anything truthful that will keep them happy. . Generally, the best communication takes place: In small groups. 9. The best communication â€Å"style† is one that: Fits the situation. 10. In a conflict between culture and change: Successful implementation really depends on management’s determination. Question 4: Question 5: Recommendations for implementing the TQM program 1. Establishment of Programme and Project Change management office Larsen was suppose to appoint a proje ct team comprising individuals with expertise from different areas of the plant to work closely with consultant. Secondly, they were supposed to be tasked to investigate the allegations made by the customers about the quality of their products. Appointing one of the candidates with the greater influence on the work force and who has got interest in the TQM principles and methodologies. Appoint another team that will over look the entire change approach, the team be tasked to do a thorough study on the impact that the change would have on the individuals, the way they do things, look at the as-is process and try and alter it to have as little psychological impact as possible in merging it into the new process. Try and get buy-in from different influential individuals and stakeholders within the company. And most importantly, Larsen must have a direct contact with the two teams, both teams must have regular meetings to discuss their findings and have a planned and systematic approach as to how the change and the project is to be implemented. Fig. 1. Organisational value chain 2. Utilise the balanced scorecard to evaluate the impact of TQM. They should use the following key performance indicators for appraisals: Finance Economic value added Sales growth Cost reduction Grow revenue Maximised profits Customer Increase market share Accessibility Acquire and retain profitable clients Customer satisfaction Internal Processes Training and development Effective marketing programmes in segments Ensure compliance Product quality Stock turnover Job turnover Learning and growth Human resources development Employee retention Employee satisfaction Employee profitability Improved employment practices Leadership excellence

Diabetes Mellitus Essays

Diabetes Mellitus Essays Diabetes Mellitus Essay Diabetes Mellitus Essay Diabetess mellitus is a syndrome which defined as a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycaemia, that result from deficient production of insulin, or organic structure cells ill respond to the insulin that is produced, or both. Insulin is a endocrine produced in the pancreas and secreted in the blood to keep blood glucose in the organic structure through enables organic structure cells to absorb glucose, to turn into energy. If the organic structure cells enable to absorb the glucose, the glucose will roll up in the blood ( hyperglycaemia ) , taking to many and different possible medical complications ( Harmel A ; Mathur, 2004 ) . Diabetess have several classs but the bulk of instances fall into two classs which are type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus. These two types are powerful and extremely independent hazard factors doing coronary arteria disease, shot, peripheral arterial disease and organ harm and disfunction including eyes and nervousnesss ( Harmel A ; Mathur, 2004 ) . Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Type 1 diabetes mellitus ensuing from pancreas failure to bring forth insulin endocrine. Person at hazard of developing type 1 can be identified by making serologic trial markers that demoing grounds of autoimmune devastation of beta cells ( islet cells ) of the pancreas which is responsible for insulin production. Type 1 diabetes is manifested in childhood and early maturity, but can patient present at any age ( Goroll A ; Mulley, 2009 ) . Type 2 diabetes mellitus: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are prone with broad scope of series complications. Type 2 is characterized by high blood glucose due to insulin opposition and comparative insulin lack. There are 20.8 million people in United State with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type 2 diabetes traditionally is seen in aged people. However it is diagnosed in corpulent kids. Many surveies shows that type 2 diabetes mellitus are associated with high Calorie diet, physical inaction and life manner ( Feinglos A ; Bethel, 2008 ) . Other Types of Diabetess: There are other types of diabetes but they are less common but patients who are underlying defect or disease procedure can be identified in a comparatively specific mode. These types are Familial defects of beta-cell map, Diseases of the duct gland pancreas e.g Fibrocalculous pancreatopathy, Endocrinopathies and cystic fibrosis and Uncommon signifiers of immune-mediated diabetes. Diabetess mellitus complications: Diabetic complications can be grouped into macrovascular and microvascular disease. Macrovascular diseases are consequence from coronary artery disease which develops in earlier age in patient with diabetes. There are several factors contribute to atherosclerosis such as lipemia, high blood pressure, increased thrombocytes adhesion and collection, elevated factor V, factorVII and factor I concentration. Macrovascular diseases are seen in both type one and two of diabetes mellitus and they include coronary bosom disease, Ischemic shot and peripheral vascular disease ( which can take to ulcers, sphacelus and amputation ) ( Winter A ; Signorino, 2002 ) . Whereas, Microvascular complications is seen in type one diabetes mellitus. Hyperglycemia amendss the cellar membrane of capillaries in the retina and glomerulars which leads to retinopathy and neuropathy. Microvascular diseases include neuropathy ( nerve harm ) , nephropathy ( kidney disease ) and vision upsets ( eg retinopathy, glaucoma, cataract and corneal disease ) . Furthermore there are other complications of diabetes include infections, metabolic troubles, dental disease, autonomic neuropathy and gestation jobs ( Winter A ; Signorino, 2002 ) . Several clinical research show a strong relationship between hyperglacemia and diabetic microvascular complications in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. High glucose and insulin opposition drama of import functions in the pathogenesis of macrovascular complications due to atherosclerosis. Diabetes-specific microvascular disease in the retina, glomerulus and vessel nervorum has same pathophysiological characteristics. Intracellular hyperglycemia causes abnormalcies in blood flow and increased vascular permeableness which leads to reduced activity of vasodilatives such as azotic oxide, increased activity of vasoconstrictives such as angiotonin II and endothelin-1, and amplification of permeableness factors such as vascular endothelial growing factor ( VEGF ) ( Brownlee, 2001 ) . There are several factors which contribute the formation of redness, coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus complication. These factors are hyperglycemia, accretion of advanced glycation endproducts, dyslipidemia and oxidative emphasis which lead to endothelial disfunction ensuing in thrombotic complications and cardiovascular ( Altman, 2003 ) . In type 1 diabetes mellitus, high blood glucose is normally as consequence of low degree of insulin secernment whereas in type2 hyperglycaemia is caused by opposition of insulin at the cellular degree. Low insulin degrees or insulin opposition enable the organic structure to change over glucose into animal starch ( a starch-as beginning of energy which stored in the liver ) . In type 1 diabetes, pancreatic beta cells are attacked by auto-immune which cause infiltration of inflammatory cells and increased look and secernment of S100-calcium adhering protein and high-mobility group protein 1 ( HMGP1 ) through inflammatory cells which accordingly lead to islet harm and increased blood glucose degree, subsequent accretion of AGE ( Bierhaus A ; Nawroth, 2009 ) . Comparing to T1D, in type 2 diabetes mellitus, different metabolic perturbations stimulates inflammatory cells to secretes RAGE ligands, which cause low-grade redness and increased oxidative and carbonly emphasis, all these play functions in advancing AGE formation and RAGE look in several variety meats ( Bierhaus A ; Nawroth, 2009 ) . Insulin opposition and Inflammation: In diabetic patients with hyperglycaemia, cause by 1 ) impaired insulin secernment by the pancreatic ?-cells, 2 ) musculus insulin opposition, and 3 ) hepatic insulin opposition all play cardinal functions in the development and patterned advance of glucose intolerance. As I reference before, type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) is characterized by insulin opposition in liver and musculus and impaired insulin secernment. Besides include crazed adipocyte metamorphosis and modified fat topography in the pathogenesis of glucose intolerance in T2DM. Fat cells are immune to insulin s antilipolytic consequence, which result in increased plasma free fat acid degrees. Long period of increasing plasma fat fee acid stimulates gluconeogenesis, promote hepatic and musculus insulin opposition, and impairs insulin secernment in genetically predisposed patients. These tracts of FFA-induced are known as lipotoxicity. Fat cells Dysfunction makes inordinate sums of insulin resistance-inducing, inflammatory, and atherosclerotic-provoking cytokines and fails to release normal degree of insulin-sensitizing adipocytokines. Enlarged fat cells are insulin resistant and have minimized capacity to hive away fat. When storage capacity of adipocyte is exceeded, lipid floods int o musculus, liver, and possibly ?-cells, ensuing in musculus, hepatic insulin opposition and impaired insulin secernment. In type 2 diabetics, the ability of insulin to halt lipolysis and to diminish the plasma FFA degrees is markedly impaired. It is clearly that chronic elevated degrees of plasma free fat acid leads to insulin opposition in musculus and liver, and impair insulin secernment. In add-on to FFA in plasma, addition shops of triglycerides in musculus and liver which correlate closely with the presence of insulin opposition in tissues. The triglycerides in liver and musculus are in a province of changeless turnover, and the metabolites of intracellular triglyceride lipolysis impair action of insulin in liver and musculus ( Bays et al, 2004 ) . This tract of events has been referred to as lipotoxicity. The accretion of lipoid in dipocytes leads to trip NADPH oxidase which increases the production of reactive O species ( ROS ) . The mechanisms increased production of cytokines including TNF-? , IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and cut down the production of adiponectin ( Shoelson et al, 2006 ) . Furthermore accretion of lipid activates the protein response to increased ER stess in fat and liver. All these have accumulated to bring on lipotoxicity as an of import cause of ?-cell disfunction ( Bays et al, 2004 ) . Receptor for advanced glycation terminal merchandises ( RAGE ) : Fury is type I transmembrane receptor of the immunogloblin superfamily. It is a receptor for advanced glycation endproducts ( AGE ) . It is about 45-KD a protein and it is consist of 403 aminic acids in human, rate and mouse. Its extracellular part consists of one V-type ( variable ) Ig domina, which followed by two C-type ( changeless ) Ig dominas ( Basta, 2004 ) . Its name thrust from its ability to adhere AGE and besides it is known as AGER. It is located within the major histocompatibility composite ( MHC ) category III part on chromosome 6, which contains Numberss of cistrons involved preponderantly in inflammatory and immune responses and several constituents of complements. Beside AGE, RAGE is able to adhere several ligands hence is called a pattern-recognition receptor. These ligands are high-mobility group protein 1 ( HMGP1 ) , S100-calicum binding protein ( S100b ) which is household of proinflammatory cytokines and it can be found in any inflammatory lesion and vascular walls of diabetics patients, amyloid-?-protein and macrophage-1 glycoprotein ( CD11B/CD18 ) . RAGE plays function in diabetes and other metabolic disease. The interaction of RAGE and its ligands cause proinflammatory activation. It is involved in several diseases such as unconditioned immune response, interceding immune and inflammatory response, malignant neoplastic d isease promoting and progressing and microvascular and microvascular diseases ( Bierhaus A ; Nawroth, 2009 ) . Furthermore, RAGE look is increased in the cells of the vascular walls, at the site where AGEs and S100/calgranulins are accumulated, including endothelium vascular smooth musculus cells, glomerular mesangial cells and mononucleate scavenger cells. This destrbution of RAGE and its ligands leads to increased cellular activation, doing further raised look of the receptor ( Basta et al, 2004 ) . Recently the surveies have been proved that RAGE and its ligands accumulate in diabetes and contribute to its pathology. Serum degrees of S100A8/9 and S100A12 increased in type 2 diabetic patients. Besides, grounds was provided by raised serum degrees HMGB1 were linked to coronary arteria disease in type 2 diabetes. In add-on the surveies which have been done in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats proved that diabetes increased amyloid-beta-peptide ( 1-40 ) degrees in the encephalon. Furthermore, CML-modification of S100A8 and S100A9 are seen in inflammatory intestine disease and advance RAGE-mediated sustained inflammatory. Furthermore, Carboxylated N-glycans on RAGE eases binding of HMGB and mediates ligation of S100A8/A9 to subpopulation of RAGE on colon malignant neoplastic disease cells ( Bierhaus A ; Nawroth, 2009 ) . Advanced Glycation End merchandises ( AGE ) and its biochemical mechanism production: There are assorted tracts involved in stimulation of coronary artery disease in diabetes mellitus. However the most of import one is formation and deposition of AGEs through nonenzymetic reaction between extracellular protein and glucose and it accumulates within cells of the vascular walls, in the extracellular infinite, kidney, nervousnesss and retina ( Basta et al, 2004 ) . Possible mechanism of AGEs formation arise from intracellular auto-oxidation of glucose to glyoxal, decompounding of the Amadori merchandise ( glucose-derived 1-amino 1-deoxyfructose lysine adducts ) to 3-deoxyglucosone and atomization of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate to methylglyoxal. These reactive intracellular dicarbonyls ( glyoxal, methylglyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosone ) which can respond with aminic groups of intracellular and extracellular proteins to organize AGEs ( pyrraline, pentosidine, CML, crossline ) ( Balasubramanyam et al, 2002 ) . Several experimental surveies evidenced that advanced glycation terminal merchandises can change vascular wall homeostasis in atherogenic through different ways which are: AGEs and mononucleate scavenger cells Interaction: The binding of AGEs with mononucleate scavenger cells MPs induces the activation of platelet-derived growing factor, insulin-like growing factor-1, and proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1? and TNF-? . Furthermore the interaction of AGEs with its receptor ( RAGE ) in the mononucleate scavenger cells promotes cell migration ( chemotaxis ) ( Basta et al, 2004 ) . AGEs and vascular smooth musculus cells Interaction: Interaction of AGE with smooth musculus cells ( SMCs ) exhibits the proliferative activity and production of fibronectin. SMC growing are indirectly mediate by cytokines or growing factors which induced by AGEs in the MPs. Transforming growing factor-? ( TGF-? ) act as an intermediate factor in AGE-induced fibronectin formation by SMC ( Basta et al, 2004 ) . AGEs with vascular endothelium Interactions: changes of vascular permeableness and of adhesive belongingss As consequence its alone place and legion belongingss, the vascular endothelium has of import function in the ordinance of extracellular permeableness, the care of blood fluidness, metamorphosis of endocrines and vasoactive go-betweens and the ordinance of vascular growing and tone. The endothelium is exposed to AGEs located on go arounding proteins and cells ( such as, diabetic RBCs ) , besides those found in the implicit in subendothelial matrix. Receptors for AGEs nowadays on the endothelial cell surface, and intercede both the consumption and AGEs transcytosis, and the internal signal transduction. AGE-RAGE interaction leads to change of barrier map and an increased permeableness of endothelial cells interact with AGEs and increased migrate of supermolecules through the endothelial monolayer. The addition in permeableness is associated by changes of the physical unity of the endothelium, as shown by the devastation of constructions and changes of cellular morphology ( Basta et al , 2004 ) . Besides, it has been proved that AGEs cause changes of endothelial anti-hemostatic maps in vitro, through a decrease of thrombomodulin look and accompanied with initiation of tissue factor look. The promoting of tissue factor and the decreasing in thrombomodulin activity change the dynamic endothelial characteristics with respect to haemostasis from those of an decoagulant to those of a procoagulant surface ( Basta et al, 2004 ) . Intraction of AGEs with endothelial RAGE besides causes the depletion of cellular antioxidant defence mechanisms ( such as glutathione, vitamin C ) and the coevals of reactive O species. As a consequence of the increased cellular oxidative emphasis, NF-?B activation occurs, therefore bring oning the look of NF-?B-regulated cistrons including, in add-on to the procoagulant tissue factor, adhesion molecules, such as E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ( ICAM-1 ) and vascular adhesion molecule-1 ( VCAM-1 ) ; this yesteryear may prime diabetic vasculature towards enhanced interaction with go arounding monocytes. Furthermore, the incubation of endothelial cells with EN-RAGE or S100B consequences in VCAM-1 initiation, in a RAGE-dependent mode, as sustained by the repressive consequence of anti-RAGE IgG or soluble RAGE ( Basta et al, 2004 ) . Changes of endothelium-dependent vasodilatation AGEs linked to the vascular matrix may slake bioavailability of azotic oxide ( NO ) , which is an of import regulator of vascular tone bring oning smooth musculus cell relaxation. Surveies provided that, AGE inhibits NO activity, when it added to NO in vitro. Surveies on carnal exterminate induced diabetes show that an change of endothelium-dependent distension occurs in short period, within 2 months, from diabetes initiation. A direct reaction between NO extremist and other free groups which are formed during the reactions of AGEs assumable leads to inactivation of NO. In parallel, advanced glyaction terminal merchandises promote the look of the powerful vasoconstrictive endothelin-1 altering endothelial map towards vasoconstriction ( Basta et al, 2004 ) . These four mechanisms promote and alter vascular wall homeostasis. When mononucleate scavenger cells migrate to the site of immobilized AGEs in the tissue, their migrations allow them to interact with AGE -modified surface and go activated. This mechanism cause pulling and retaining MPs in tissue where AGEs sedimentation. Migration and activation of MPs and T cells ( inflammatory cells ) promote and cause chronic vascular redness through alter vas wall ( Basta et al, 2004 ) . Promotion of atherogenesis tracts by AGEs: AGEs are most of import factors in endothelial disfunction in diabetic patients through adhering its receptor ( RAGE ) . Advanced Glycation Endproducts stimulate the look of proinflammatory cells and molecules ( Altman, 2003 ) . AGEs can be earnestly hurtful to the map of blood vas walls in assorted ways. First it causes blood vas disfunction through cross Bridgess among vessel supermolecules. Second of harm is that accretion of AGEs lead go arounding blood cells to adhere to the vascular walls which promote coronary artery disease. Third manner is through adhering different receptors which have been recognized on assorted cell types such as macrophages, endothelial cells, and smooth musculus cells, nephritic and neural cells ( Basta et al, 2004 ) . Hyperglycaemia Mechanisms-caused harm: Hyperglycemia diverse microvascular and macrovascular complications in diabetic patients through several mechanisms such as increased formation and accumlation of advanced glycation end-product ( AGE ) ; activation of protein kinase C ( PKC ) isoforms ; and increased coevals of reactive O species ( Bonke et al,2008 ) Increased production advanced glycation end-products AGE promote atherogenesis tract through accretion of AGEs and AGEs ligation to Ramp on endothelial cells and macrophages induce redness through triping proinflammatory cytokines including TNF-? , 1L-6 a L-1? , initiation of reactive O species ( ROS ) and through increased oxidative emphasis which lead to debasement of IKBs ( IKBs is usually bound to NF-KB to forestall translocation of NF-KB to nucleus ) . ROS activates NF-KB which consequences in translocation of NF-KB to nucleus. Activation of NF-KB cause pathological alteration of cistron look which is extremely related to redness, unsusceptibility and coronary artery disease, increased look of inflammatory go-betweens which lead to insulin opposition and increased RAGE look every bit good ( Basta et al, 2004 ) . Mechanisms by which intracellular production of advanced glycation end-product ( AGE ) precursors amendss vascular cells. Cellular maps are altered by dicarbonyl advanced glycation terminal merchandises. Change of extracellular matrix proteins consequences in unnatural interactions with other matrix proteins and with integrins. Change of plasma proteins by AGE precursors generate ligands that bind to AGE receptors, bring oning transition of cistron look in endothelial cells, mesangial cells and macrophages. Activation of protein kinase C: The protein kinace C ( PKC ) household via medias at least 11 isoforms, nine are induced by the lipid 2nd courier diacylglycerol ( DAG ) . Altered DAG-PKC tract play an of import function in diabetic complications. Intracellular hyperglycemia raises the sum of DAG which activate PKC in civilized vascular cells and in the retina and nephritic glomeruli of diabetic animate beings. Hyperglycaemia may besides trip PKC isoforms indirectly by AGEs bind receptors and increased activity of the polyol tract, perchance through increased reactive O species ( ROS ) . AGE stimulated diacylglycerol ( DAG ) and activate protein kinase C ( PKC ) in VSMC. PKC is one of of import signal transduction elements involved with multiple cell response. In early surveies of diabetes, retinal and nephritic blood flow abnormalcies are due to activation of PKC-? isoforms possibly through dejecting azotic oxide production or increasing endothelin-1 activity. Abnormal activation of protein kinase C has several inf ective effects: It leads to reduced production of azotic oxide in smooth musculus cells and glomerular mesangial cells that is induced by hyperglycaemia ( Brownlee, 2001 ) . Activation of PKC causes suppression of insulin-stimulated look of messenger RNA for endothelial azotic oxide synthase ( eNOS ) in cultured endothelial cells. Hyperglycaemia activates PKC to increased endothelin-1, permeableness of endothelia cells and increased look of the vascular permeableness angiogenesis factor ( VEGF ) in smooth musculus cells ( Brownlee, 2001 ) . Increased coevals of reactive O species: Increased coevals of reactive O species ( ROS ) is another possible tracts of diabetes complications particularly nephropathy complication. Production of Reactive O species can be result from the activation of assorted enzymes, including NADPH oxidase, azotic oxide ( NO ) synthase, and myeloperoxidase, with originating grounds that NADPH oxidase is the major cytosolic beginning of ROS coevals in diabetes. NADPH has homologues that are present within the kidney, viz. nox-3, seen in foetal kidney, and nox-4, which is predominately expressed in the nephritic cerebral mantle. AGE bind RAGE induces signal transduction and trip NADPH oxidase in endothelial cells. The interaction between AGE-RAGE enhances production of the cytokine vascular endothelial growing factor ( VEGF ) , which is straight induced by NADPH oxidase and is associated with the pathogenesis of proteinuria in diabetes ( Bonke et al, 2008 ) . Diabetess mellitus control and intervention: Both type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus are characterized by elevated blood glucose degree due to inadequacy of insulin degree. Therefore, diabetes patients need to cut down blood glucose degree through healthy diet, drugs such as ( hypoglycaemic tablets and anti-atherosclerosis drugs ) , insulin injection and regular physical exercising. Healthy Diet: In general, healthy diet for diabetes patients should include: bound fats ( particularly saturated fats and trans-fat acid ) , proteins and cholesterin. Besides, patient should devour a batch of fibre and veggies. Patients with insulin-producing or insulin synthesis intervention should supervise their blood glucose degree to avoid hyperglycaemia. For illustration, grownups and adolescent patients should keep their blood glucose degree between 80-120 mg/dl, and 100-200 mg/dl for kids under 12 twelvemonth old. Type 1 diabetes patients should prove their blood glucose flat four to more per twenty-four hours. However, in type 2 diabetes, patients recommend to mensurate blood glucose degree 1 to 2 times daily, because glucose degree in type 2 diabetes is more stable than in type 1. Such of import trials are of import during diet programs and intervention. For illustration, glycosylated hemoglobin trial ( HbA1 degree Celsius ) is an index for carbohydrate degree. Micro and macroalbuminuria indicates of the albuminuria and nephritic map, for case if the nipple showed high degree of albuminuria so the patient demand to take downing protein intake ( Flaws et al, 2002 ) . Exercise: Physical exercising is of import to pull off diabetes complications. Regular exercising improves the position of both type 1 and 2 diabetes through transporting sugar to musculuss, bettering blood circulation, and increasing insulin receptors. Exercise has specific effects on diabetes patients include: cut downing blood glucose degree during and after exercising, increased insulin sensitiveness, reduced triglyceride degree and increased good cholesterin ( HDL ) ( Flaws et al, 2002 ) . However, diabetes patients may hold several hazards associated with exercising which include: hypoglycaemia if patient under intervention with hyperglycaemia agents, hyperglycaemia and ketonemia in insulin-deficient patients, and aggravation of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, patients who are over 30 twelvemonth old should be examined before making physical exercising. These scrutinies include: cardiovascular tests such as blood force per unit area, blood lipoid and ECG, and neurological rating such as oculus test ( Flaws et al, 2002 ) . Anti-inflammatory drugs Assorted drugs in recent clinical pattern have been used as anti-inflammatory agents such as thiazolidinedione ( TZD ) category of PPAR? agonists and members of statin category of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors. Both of them have importane anti-inflammatory properities and both have action on glucose homeostasis and cholesterin redusing ( Shoelson et al, 2006 ) . TZDs are used to induced insulin sensivity and decresed hyperglicemia in patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus. TZDs drugs inculde pioglitazone, rosiglitazone and troglitazone. The function of TZDs is through binding and activiting PPAR? to bring on a figure of cistron look merchandises in a dipocyte. TZDs action are attributed to fatty acid in the a dipose tissue. TZD decreases go arounding free faty acid and maintain faty acid out of musle and liver because accumalte of fatty acide in these tissue lead to insulin opposition. In add-on, PPAR? is non merely present in dipocyte but besides in it is expressed in macrophages and other immune cells response, hepatocyte, endothelial cells and vascular smooth mucsle cells ( VSMC ) . TZD drama function in cut down the look of marks cistron for cytokines, growing factors, proliferation and migration of cells, and cell rhythm patterned advance ( Shoelson et al, 2006 ) . Rosigliatozone: Rosigliatozone decreses the inflammatory markers such as serum C-reactive protein, metalloproteinase-9, white blood cell, tumer mortification factor-? and serum amyloid-A in type two diabetes mellitus ( Altman, 2003 ) . Group of surveies done on Diabetess Rodents: The recent research has demonstrated that rosiglitizone, a PPAR? agonist, attenuates diabetes associated atherosclorosis. The reaserch has studied the direct antiathersclosis effects of PPAR? afer long beriod of therapy in an experiment of insulin lack. This survey show that rosiglitezone has no consequence on glucose degree in both control or diabetes mice. However, rosiglitizone, PPAR? ( moving as insulin sinstiser ) significally decresed plasma insulin degree in control mice ( Calkin et al, 2005 ) . In add-on to Calkin survey and his collegous, another survey shows that rosiglitazone addition the insulin content and iselt cells figure and entire mass of pancreas in diabetes rats. However, it is unknown if this is adirect consequence of rsiglitazone by activation of PPAR? mediated pathway in islets or indirect consequence of normalising the hyperglicemia ( Sanchez et al, 2002 ) . Increaesd secration rate of proinsulin relation to insulin is one oa acommon characteristic in type 2 diabetes mellitus. The normal scope of proinsulin in normal topics is approximately 2 to 4 % of the entire sum of insulin and in type 2 diabetes proinsulin rate is about 15 % . Curently the surveies has been demonstrated that rosiglitazone in type 2 diabetes decrease proinsulin secernment. Proinsulin has been associated with activity of carboxypeptidase E. Fricker and collegous have evidenced that carboxypeptidase are present in secretory tract and take part in peptide processing. CarboxypeptidaseB has similler characteristic as carboxypeptidaseE but the precursor sequence of carboxypeptidaseB has been seen in an grownup mouse islet cells. Therefore suggest that rosiglitazone may has primery consequence on increasing the look of carboxypeptidaseB precursor protein ensuing in increse proinsulin to insulin transition ( Sanchez et al, 2002 ) . Further more, rosiglitizone did non impact fasting insluin degree in diabetic mice due to streptozotocin which induce insulin insufficency. Besides, another group of survey has curently demonstrated that short period of intervention with rosiglitizone decreased plaque country in diabetic mice but had no finding if effects seen were linked to insulin sensitisation ( Calkin et al, 2005 ) . More current sutdies have evedanced that rosiglitezone intervention in diabetes mice cut down cistron look of the NF-KB fractional monetary unit p65. Further survey has shown that rosiglitizone has no direct consequence o glucose-induce upregulation of oxidative emphasis. Same survey had investigated RAGE look acording to preveious happening that first of all, RAGE look increse oxidative emphasis and secondly rosiglitezone which used in civilization media alter RAGE look. The survey had shown, the look of RAGE cistron was nt altered by rosiglitizone ( Calkin et al, 2005 ) . Some survey showed no important alteretion in cistron look after TZDs intervention. This is because of about surveies were non preformed in human adipose tissue in vivo but they used adipose tissue of gnawers and adipocyte cell line. Actually under such survey we should see about some facts that, for illustration rosiglitazone dosage which used in gnawers survey ( 10 mg/kg ) is higher than human dose about 100-fold. furthermore, TZD may has an action on cistron expressed in gnawers but it is non needfully to has same action on human cistron. For illustration carbonaceous anhydrase 3 protein raised 2-fold after treated the mice with rosiglitazone, nevertheless there was no increasing in carbonaceous anhydrase 3 messenger RNA in human adipocyte. Although there were similarities in the action of TZD-induced insulin sensitiveness, there may be TZD action has different mechanisms on experimental theoretical accounts and human ( Kolak et al,2007 ) . Therfore, I m traveling to discourse about the surveies which have been done on human adipose tissue and there findings. Group of surveies done in human patient with type 2 diabetes: Overactivity of ubiquitin-proteasome system is associated with the redness and atherosclerotic plaques in type 2 diabetes. Survey by Marfella and his colegous on human diabetes patients has been shown that the PPAR-? agonist rosiglitazone cut down ubiquitin-proteasome activity and frankincense prevent plaque patterned advance to unstable phenotype in diabetes individulas ( Marfella et al, 2006 ) . Besides, same survey shows, the production of O2- by monocytes is reduced after rosiglitazone intervention. Thus proteasome decrease is induced by suppression of oxidative emphasis and polyubiquitination. As oxidative emphasis induce insulin resistence through NF-kB activation, rosiglitazone enhance insulin sensivity and plaque stableness in diabetes patien through cut downing oxidative emphasis and ubiquitin-proteasome activity. Further possibility that, NF-KB activation is inhibited by rosiglitazone through a PPAR-? independent tract. PPAR-? agonist inhibits NF-KB translocation and subsequent Deoxyribonucleic acid adhering through inhibits immune response which induce debasement of IKBs ( Marfella et al, 2006 ) . Rosiglitazone have important effects on metamorphosis of faty acid and take downing circuliting non-esterified fatty acid. Therfore rosiglitazone prevent islet cells through cut downing fatty acerb exposure ( Sanchez et al, 2002 ) Kolak and his co-workers investigated the cistron of look in human adipose tissue in vivo in type two diabetes mellitus, befor and after tratment with rosigliatozone and Glucophage. Reosigliatozone modulates look of

Aztec Religion and Gods of the Ancient Mexica

Aztec Religion and Gods of the Ancient Mexica The Aztec religion was made up of a complex set of beliefs, rituals and gods that helped the Aztec/Mexica to make sense of their worlds physical reality, and the existence of life and death. The Aztecs believed in a multiple-deity universe, with different gods who reigned over different aspects of Aztec society, serving and responding to Aztec specific needs. That structure was deeply rooted in a widespread Mesoamerican tradition in which concepts of the cosmos, world, and nature were shared across most of the prehistoric societies in the southern third of North America. In general, the Aztecs perceived the world as divided into and balanced by a series of opposing states, binary oppositions such as hot and cold, dry and wet, day and night, light and dark. The role of humans was to maintain this balance by practicing appropriate ceremonies and sacrifices. The Aztec Universe The Aztecs believed that the universe was divided into three parts: the heavens above, the world in which they lived, and the underworld. The world, called Tlaltipac, was conceived as a disk located in the middle of the universe. The three levels, heaven, world, and underworld, were connected through a central axis, or axis mundi. For the Mexica, this central axis was represented on earth by the Templo Mayor, the Main Temple located at the center of the sacred precinct of Mexico- Tenochtitlan. The Multiple Diety UniverseThe Aztec Heaven and underworld were also conceived as divided into different levels, respectively thirteen and nine, and each of these was overlooked by a separate deity. Each human activity, as well as the natural elements, had their own patron deity who overlooked different aspect of human life: childbirth, commerce, agriculture, as well as the seasonal cycles, landscape features, rain, etc. The importance of connecting and controlling the cycles of nature, such as the sun and moon cycles, with human activities, resulted in the use, in the pan-Mesoamerican tradition of sophisticated calendars which were consulted by priests and specialists. Aztec Gods The prominent Aztec scholar Henry B. Nicholson classified the numerous Aztec gods in three groups: celestial and creator deities, gods of fertility, agriculture and water and deities of war and sacrifices. Click on the links to learn more of each of the main gods and goddesses. Celestial and Creator Gods Xiuhtecuhtli-Huehueteotl (Old Man, the cycle of seasons)Tezcatlipoca (Smoking Mirror, god of night and sorcery)Quetzalcoatl (the god/hero, the once and future king figure) Gods of Water, Fertility, and Agriculture Tlaloc (rain god)Chalchiutlicue (She of the Jade Skirt, childbirth)Centeotl (Maize Cob Lord, maize)Xipe Totec Lord with the Flayed Skin, fertility) Gods of War and Sacrifice Tonatiuh (Aztec sun god)Huitzilopochtli (war god, patron god of Tenochtitlan)Tlaltecuhtli (earth goddess) Sources AA.VV, 2008, La Religià ³n Mexica, Arqueologà ­a Mexicana, vol. 16, num. 91 Nicholson, Henry B., 1971, Religion in Pre-Hispanic Central Mexico, en Robert Wauchope (ed.), Handbook of Middle American Indians, University of Texas Press, Austin, Vol. 10, pp 395-446. Smith Michael, 2003, The Aztecs, Second Edition, Blackwell Publishing Van Tuerenhout Dirk R., 2005, The Aztecs. New Perspectives, ABC-CLIO Inc. Santa Barbara, CA; Denver, CO and Oxford, England.

Answer this question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer this question - Assignment Example Those who earned more contributed more and hence will receive more. Those in the public sector either rely on their pensions or the 403(b) which is available for the church ministers, certain tax-exempt organizations as well as public school employees. The retirement money is provided through an insurance company, invested in mutual funds or a retirement account set up. The public employees’ retirement system is common in the state of Nebraska making it stand out from the other states such as Kansas as the retired public employees live comfortably on their retirement savings plan paid monthly (Fenge, De Menil and Pestieau 172). Americans have moved from the corporate sponsored retirement plan where the corporates were offering pensions. With the increase of people in this sector, the plan was simply too much to sustain and the employers moved towards the defined benefit (DB). The DB plan is sponsored by the employer in addition to employee contributions. The money is then pooled together with the available funding from government and other sponsors of the plan. Employees under this plan are therefore able to receive certain benefits based on their number of years in service as well as their average salary. The DB plan can also offer payment monthly for as long as the annuitants live instead of a lump-sum distribution option (Slesnick and Suttle, 115). There is also the retirement plan of defined contribution pension plan (DC) which works similarly like a regular insurance. The employer specifies the amount of money needed for the plan to be contributed on a regular basis. The money in invested and the performance of the investment over time as well as amount contributed will determine how much they will get in their retirement funds. Even though the plan provides more flexibility in payment, the investment risks are shouldered by the employee (Slesnick and Suttle,

The Resurrection of Jesus Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Resurrection of Jesus - Assignment Example Mathew only mentions Mary Magdalene and does not indicate the existence of the other women (The Gospel according to Matthew, Chapter 28). They did not find the stone that was covering instead, two angels appeared to them in shining garments and asked them why they were seeking Jesus among the dead. In the book of Mathew, Jesus appeared to the disciples on their way to telling the disciples about the risen Christ. The other three books do not account for this. He told them to remind the disciples that they were to meet him in Galilee. According to Luke, Peter, who did not believe left for the empty tomb to confirm what the women had said to them (The Gospel according to Luke, Chapter 24). The other books do not portray these happenings. While on their way to Emaus with a colleague, Cleopas, Jesus appeared to them but they did not recognize him until the time he broke bread. Jesus was not human he was fully of heavenly glory because he vanished from them. They left immediately for Jerusalem where they met the eleven disciples and informed them of the risen Christ and how he had appeared to Simon. As they narrated what happened to them on the way, Jesus appeared amidst them and informed them to remain in peace. They were so terrified thinking he was a spirit. He showed them of the scars on his feet and hands, but the disciples did not believe him yet Jesus ate a broiled fish t before them narrating how a spirit has neither flesh nor bones (Bible, 2000). All the other three books cover these happenings except the book of John. The books of Mark, John and Luke cover how Jesus revealed to the disciples His fathers blessings to them. He explained how they were to be witnesses of the remission of sins and they were to preach his name to all the nations. As he blessed them, he was parted into the sky up to the heavens. The different authors portrayed the resurrection of Jesus as they did because there

The novel Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

The novel Frankenstein Essay This is a long sentence that helps to build up tension, which helps create drama and atmosphere. The long sentence makes you, the reader run out of breath physically and this is to feel and give you an idea about his nervousness now that he has created this monster. When Victor wakes up he finds the creature standing over him, he is not threatening, a grin wrinkled his cheeks, but Victor is repulsed by what he sees and runs away. It is here that the reader realises that the creature was not created to be evil but is rejected by Victor when he only wanted to be accepted. The next day brings no hope for Victor. The sky is comfortless and the weather is dismal and wet. Victor is dreading meeting the creature and the weather reflects his despair. Mary Shelly makes the opening paragraph powerful by using commas to separate the words. Victor begins to walk the streets where he feels haunted by a nameless horror and Mary Shelly builds up the suspense I did not dare to return to the apartment, felt impelled to hurry on, and again the weather reflecting the mood, drenched by the rain which poured from a black and comfortless sky. Mary Shelly also uses a lot of imagery e. g. the white steeple clock and the court as an asylum. The references to black in this section symbolise the gothic connection. To enhance the feeling of pursuit between creator and creation Mary Shelly uses some lines from the Ancient Mariner: Like one who, on a lonely road, Doth walk in fear and dread, And, having once turned round, walks on, And turns no more his head; because he knows a frightful fiend Doth close behind him tread. This poem is recited as Victor is walking. It continues to help build suspense and Mary Shelly describes Victors walking as hurried and with irregular steps like a caged animal and suggesting something bad is going to happen. The next event is Clerval, Victors friend arriving. He had come to see his friend and to enrol at the university. This completely changes the mood Victor James Duckworth 10XB Coursework says nothing could equal my delight on seeing Clerval who brings Victor some happiness and calmness and thoughts of my father, Elizabeth, and all those scenes of home so dear to my recollection Clerval saves him from his horror and misfortune. It is also during this conversation with Clerval that we find out how ill Victor has become. Clerval says I did not before remark how very ill you appear; so thin and pale This is a good descriptive image of how Victor looks, how ill he has become and how hard he has been working. As soon as Victor begins to think of the events of the previous night and the creature again he begins to tremble excessively showing how his feelings are changing from happiness to dread and anxiety as he begins thinking of the creature again. Henry and Victor return to Victors apartment. Victor is terrified the monster might still be there. The suspense is built by Mary Shellys description of Victor. He walks with a quick pace, the thought of seeing the creature makes him shiver, he dreaded to behold this monster. Worried that Henry would see the monster Victor asks him to wait downstairs while he goes alone to his rooms. The description of Victors feelings building up to opening the door are full of foreboding, he threw the door open and Mary Shelly takes us back to childhood fears by Victor describing his actions as children are accustomed to do when they expect a spectre to stand in waiting for them on the other side. Victor steps fearfully in to find the monster gone. This changes the atmosphere completely; Victor finds the disappearance of his monster a source of joy. He describes himself as unable to contain myself, his flesh tingled with excess sensitiveness, and my pulse beat rapidly. He begins jumping over furniture his feelings become manic and falls down in a fit of exhaustion from the release of anxiety over his creation. At first Henry thinks it is happiness at seeing him again and news of the family but he soon sees the wildness in Victors eyes and knows something is not right. My dear Victor, what, for Gods sake, is the matter? Do not laugh in that manner. How ill you are! What is the cause of all this? Henry spends the rest of the winter and spring nursing Victor back to health. He does not want to worry Victors father or Elizabeth so he conceals the extent of Victors illness. During his illness Victor raves on about the monster, but Henry believed them to be the wanderings of my disturbed imagination. But because Victor continually goes back to the monster Henry begins to think that the illness is due to some uncommon and terrible event. It takes until the next spring for Victor to recover. Mary Shelly uses the imagery of spring reflected in Victor he is reborn and the season contributed greatly to his recovery. He begins to feel joy and affection and becomes cheerful as before I was attacked by the fatal passion. Henry can see that Victor is much better and begins to ask Victor if he may speak to you on one subject this immediately agitates Victor, he thinks Henry wants to talk about the monster. Henry sees Victors agitation and comforts Victor by saying I will not mention it. If it agitates you; but a letter had arrived from Victors cousin and because he had not replied for so long they were beginning to worry and would be happy to receive a letter from you in your James Duckworth 10XB Coursework own handwriting. They hardly know how ill you have been, and are uneasy at your long silence. I think the book is still as popular today as it was then because of the issues it deals with are just as important today as they were then e. g. morality. We are still pursuing knowledge to create life and we are even closer today to actually achieving this with cloning techniques, genetic engineering and artificial insemination. We are genetically modifying plants and are beginning to debate if it is moral to do this on animals. Scientists are beginning to manipulate DNA to eradicate genetic diseases. Many people think these developments are wrong and the book makes us question whether we should be playing God like this. There are also many examples in the newspapers of where medical knowledge has been kept from the public that has gone on to cause harm. For example the tobacco industry and smoking, the use of thalidomide all kept secret by the pharmaceutical companies. The book has many messages. The main one is to not play god. The main topics of the book are life and death, religion and science. I think the further we progress in science the more irrelevant religion will become because people will chose to believe science. This is because science proves its theories with facts and in religion you are meant to have beliefs without questioning the word of God.

The Theme of Hypocrisy in The Catcher In The Rye Essay -- Catcher Rye

The Theme of Hypocrisy in The Catcher In The Rye In the novel The Catcher In The Rye, the protagonist Holden Caulfield views his surroundings with hypocrisy and contempt in an attempt to avoid the corruption of adulthood. Holden places himself above the crowd because he believes everyone acts phony. In the process, Caulfield reveals his true problem: his refusal to change. Holden fears adulthood because it brings responsibilities and trouble. He believes all adults possess an aurora of "phoniness." His disgust of everyone around him reveals his fear of growing up. Holden exhibits insecurity, so to make himself feel better, he exercises the power to condemn people for the way they behave. Holden believes hypocrisy is evident in every adult he sees...

Partnership Working Essay

In this report I will explore the key arguments and issues associated with partnership working. I will assess the validity of the arguments presented and consider the wider implications of this. I will highlight how this influenced my decision to collect data from a range of sources to increase the verisimilitude of the process. The small scale evaluation will focus on understanding why BeSD students fail to make the required levels of progress, even when receiving targeted support. I will try to ascertain the attitudes/values and beliefs of the outside agencies involved with the Academy and identify ways to move forward. Finally I will delineate how this activity has impacted on my current thinking and as a result how this will change my future practice. Key Arguments & Issues The original concept of partnership working came about as a direct result of Victoria Climbie’s death in 2000. Lord Laming (2003) conducted an independent inquiry and found the agencies involved to be grossly negligent, which is reinforced by Frost (2005). This led to the formation of the initiative ‘Every Child Matters’ and the Children’s Act of 2004, which outlined how all agencies involved in working with children, should have a shared responsibility to improve health and wellbeing; by leading community partnerships, delivering on national priorities/targets and commissioning/delivering services. The main aim was to protect children of all ages in the UK. MacAuslan (2006) outlines what the benefits are to partnership working; enhanced wellbeing of children and parents, plus an increased accuracy of needs assessment carried out by professionals. Tunnard (1991) defined Partnership working as; ‘The essence of partnership is sharing. It is marked by respect for one another, role divisions, rights to information, accountability, competence, and value accorded to individual input. In short, each partner is seen as having something to contribute, power is shared, decisions are made jointly and roles are not only respected but are also backed by legal and moral rights.’ However, current research suggests that partnership working is fraught with difficulties and even the term ‘Partnership Working’ is considered a contested concept. Burton et al (2009) & JIT (2009) amongst a whole plethora of authors, outline what these potential barriers could be; †¢ Clarity of roles and accountability †¢ Behaviour and power relationships †¢ Varying degrees of skills & knowledge †¢ Structure and the environment †¢ Processes †¢ Available resources †¢ External & cultural influences JIT (2009) usefully explores these above barriers in more depth, using an Ishikawa Fishbone diagram, to ascertain the root cause of these issues; Glenny (2005) suggests that it will be impossible to control the ‘system’ as outlined in the above diagram (partnership work), but that it may be possible to formulate good practice through the management of communication, in creating an environment of trust. Frost & Lloyd (2006), Pinkus (2005), MacAuslan (2006), Burton et al (2009) & Treseder et al (2003) have all stressed what the key ingredients are for successful partnership working; †¢ Good communication †¢ Fostering of trusting relationships through transparent communication, empathy and understanding †¢ Clear purpose †¢ Win – Win †¢ Equal balance of power for all stakeholders The majority of the evidence points towards partnership work resulting in positive outcomes for children. However, Frost (2005 pp.19-20) intimates that a shift toward increased partnership working would be politically undesirable for the families involved, due to an increase of surveillance, control and as a result increased social exclusion, which is a very plausible argument. However, I think that without partnership working the possibility of social exclusion would increase. So we need to ask ourselves which is the lesser of the two evils. In our Academy children with BeSD are still underperforming, achieving way below expected standards and are at risk of permanent exclusion but more importantly social exclusion. From the research conducted and a development of my understanding of this concept, I was led to believe that there is an inherent problem within our partnerships. In an attempt to discover what the root cause was, I decided to investigate this particular issue further focusing on our work with outside partners. The Evaluation During the initial stages I selected data that would highlight which students were underperforming due to the amount of time they had lost as a result of detentions and exclusions. I then used the vulnerable student’s database to ascertain if these particular students had been identified as BeSD. The CAFs and TACs were then reviewed; to gain a flavour for the agencies involved their attendance, the attendance of parents, the action taken and the progress to date. It was clear from this evidence that the majority of the outside agencies were attending regular reviews, as were the parents, but progress was slow. I decided to carry out a structured group interview of all the outside agencies involved in an attempt to unpick the problem further. The information collated suggested multiple causes for lack of progress. One particular theme that aspired was the lack of follow through in the classroom of work being done by outside agencies. Goodman & Burton (2010) corroborate these findings. They relate how partners felt that their work was ‘undone’ when the individual went back to school and how teachers did not feel supported and lacked the information and relevant skills to deal with students who have BeSD. Another theme that emerged was how the partners felt that the behaviour management system was inflexible and did not cater for these particular students, hence resulted in exclusions. The partners also suggested that further intervention to work more closely with these students and their parents was needed. They suggest how both of these themes impacted directly on their remit, which caused them further frustration. Treseder et al (2003) describes how all partners need to be able to fulfil their remit to achieve success, which the themes suggest is not happening. Hence it is important to regularly review practices and procedures to ensure the key ingredients are incorporated to achieve success. The Evidence Much of the evidence collected suggests that partnership working is indeed fraught with problems. The research evidence is from the result of a small scale study. The majority of the data collected came from the interview group structured questions. Hence, it is plausible to suggest that I could have influenced the data. As a result this type of data collection does have its dissenting voices concerning its reliability, due to the lack of quantitative data and empirical value. However, it can be argued that quantitative data does not give the thick descriptions required for this type of study. I do believe that I have influenced the investigation, as I originally thought that this may have been a problem and therefore the questions I asked may have dictated the outcome. In hindsight it may have been more pertinent in this instance to have conducted unstructured interviews or possibly to take a more organic approach and allow the hypothesis to be determined from the data gathered. It would have also been more beneficial to have recorded the interview group, as I may have missed out important information. The recordings would have allowed me to pick through at my own time and in much more detail. The transcriptions were possibly of poor quality compared to a full time researcher, who would potentially have access to software that would identify the themes that occur, plus they would have more time to go through the data. Reflection Before carrying out the research for this assignment I was totally unaware of all the issues that partnership working faced and the tensions between policy and practice. As a school leader my main aim is to achieve governmental targets, whilst incorporating inclusive practice. I believed with absolute conviction that my core principles values and beliefs were centred on inclusive practice. I now realise that I could not make this judgement, as I did not have the required knowledge or skills to identify the core issues and therefore resolve them. Reading around the subject has developed my knowledge on what partnership working is and what the key ingredients are for it to be successful, which has given me the tools to question our policies and practice. It may be concluded that our current practice can be attributed to the underachievement of students with BeSD. It is clear that there is a need to review our current teaching and learning practices and policies, to involve teaching staff as partners and provide the required information and the necessary training but also giving partners the opportunity to share strategies with teaching staff. What is also apparent is the need to create a second layer within the behaviour management system for students who display these types of behaviours. Furthermore, it is important to implement further strategies to prevent exclusions and aid the partners involved to achieve their remit. It is imperative to include parents at all stages of the process to ensure our practice is truly inclusive. Above all however, it is important that our procedures and practises are regularly reviewed to ensure our partnership working sustains the key ingredients for success and helps these students to achieve. Bibliography Burton, D. M. et al (2009) ‘Are the contradictions and tensions that have characterised educational provision for young people with behavioural, emotional and social difficulties a persistent feature of current policy?’ Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 141-155: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. Frost, N. (2005) ‘Professionalism, partnership and joined up thinking: a research review of front-line working with children and families’, Totnes: Research in Practice (eds) Partnership Working Reader Frost, N. & Lloyd, A. (2006) ‘Implementing Multi-Disciplinary Teamwork in the New Child Welfare Policy Environment’, Journal of Integrated Care, Vol. 14 Iss: 2 pp. 11 – 17: Emerald Publications Glenny, G. (2005) ‘Riding the dragon; developing inter-agency systems for supporting children’, Support for Learning Vol. 20 4 pp. 167 – 175: (eds) Partnership Working Reader Goodman, R. L. & Burton, D. M. (2010) ‘The inclusion of students with BESD in mainstream schools: teachers’ experiences of and recommendations for creating a successful inclusive environment’, Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, Vol. 15:3, pp. 223-237: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. JIT (2009) ‘Barriers to Partnership Working’, Briefing Notes for Practioners & Managers. [online] at https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:2fEk6ihnbTEJ:www.jitscotland.org.uk/downloads/1250518249-Chapter%25204%2520-%2520Barriers%2520to%2520Partnership%2520Working.pdf+joint+improvement+team+chapter+4&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiUdOrN6KrSQ66CrHDX1qU9rKSq6rBjZ-TPIufGxwsL9LhdUpxizVuiBRiCA6t9WhmAamFvu5cpSSN61fkFUZtfgknghCQQAjXL-jygk7GfAyDgRBIJe98Ea44eJXYyZbFU91iP&sig=AHIEtbQPrQevS-EOfbRjnP4wir2Gym_8VA Accessed on 3/6/2012 MacAulsan, E. (2006) ‘Partnership Working’, The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health Vol. 126: pp. 160: Sage Publishing Pinkus, S. (2003) ‘All the talk and no action: transforming the rhetoric of parent – professional partnership into practice’, Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs Vol. 3: No 2: pp. 128 – 141: (eds) Partnership Working Reader. Pinkus, S. (2005) ‘Bridging the gap between policy and practice: adopting a strategic vision for partnership’, British Journal of Special Education Vol. 32, No. 4: Working in special education. Treseder, J et al (2003) ‘Report of a Multi-agency Action Research Project to Improve Service Delivery to Families with Complex Needs’, University of Nottingham Publications. Tunnard, J. (1991) ‘The Children Act – Partnership With Families’, The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, Vol, 112, pp. 240: Sage Publishers